Independent Contracting in South Africa

An employee is any person, excluding an independent contractor, who works for either an individual, company, or the State and is remunerated for that.

To determine if someone should be an independent contractor or an employee, the South African courts apply what is called a dominant impression test, which takes into account factors such as:

• Control and Supervision
• Integration
• Economic Independence
• Provision of tools and equipment
• Workplace presence
• Benefits and entitlements
• Durance and Permanence of Relationship
• Mutual Obligation

• Employee: Employees are usually engaged under indefinite or fixed-term contracts directly related to the employer’s core operations, requiring commitment and continuity. A variety of employment laws protect them.
• Independent contractor: Typically engaged for specific work, projects, or results that are not considered essential to the employer’s core operations. Their contracts can be more flexible and often linked to the duration of a specific project, service agreement, or result. The independent contractor may be required to perform the service personally or through others.

No limitation on the use or length of genuine contractors earning above the earnings threshold of R254 371.67 per annum as of 1 April 2024.

There is no legal requirement regarding the specific length of fixed-term contracts for employees earning above the Earnings Threshold (R254 371.67). However, renewing or extending these contracts even once carries an unfair dismissal risk due to the potential reasonable expectation of continued employment.